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Varicose veins

Also called Venous insufficiency or Spider veins

Varicose veins are swollen and enlarged veins, usually blue or dark purple, that often appear lumpy or twisted. They usually affect the legs. They happen when the small valves inside the veins stop working properly, so blood collects in them. They are more common in women, older people, people who are overweight or pregnant, and people who stand for long periods.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

Many people do not need treatment. Compression stockings, regular exercise and raising the legs can ease symptoms.

If they cause pain, skin changes or ulcers, they can be treated with heat, injections or surgery.

Common signs

  • Blue or dark purple, lumpy or twisted veins
  • Aching, heavy or uncomfortable legs
  • Swollen feet and ankles
  • Burning or throbbing in the legs
  • Muscle cramps
  • Itchy skin over the vein

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Examination while standing
  • Duplex ultrasound scan of the leg veins

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Vein ultrasound reports
  • Vascular surgery letters
  • Procedure notes

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Do my veins need treatment?
  • Which treatment would suit me?
  • Will they come back after treatment?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • A varicose vein that is bleeding heavily: press firmly on it, raise the leg and call 112
  • A vein that is hot, red, hard and painful, or pain and swelling in one calf: get urgent help the same day

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources

Related conditions

Varicose eczemaItchy, red or discoloured skin on the lower legs, caused by poor blood flow in the leg veins. It is long-term but can be controlled.Venous leg ulcerA long-lasting sore on the leg, usually above the ankle, caused by poor blood flow in the leg veins. It can take months to heal.Deep vein thrombosisA blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It needs prompt treatment because the clot can travel to the lungs.Swollen ankles, feet and legs (oedema)Swelling caused by fluid building up in the body, often in the ankles and legs. It is common and often gets better by itself.