Tooth decay

Also called Dental caries or Cavities

Tooth decay is damage to a tooth caused by plaque bacteria turning sugars into acid, which breaks down the tooth surface. Over time this can cause holes (cavities), pain and infection. It is very common and is linked to sugary food and drinks, not brushing well and a dry mouth.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

A dentist can treat decay with fillings, crowns or root canal treatment. Badly damaged teeth may need to be removed.

Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, cutting down on sugar and regular dental check-ups help prevent it.

Common signs

  • Toothache
  • Sensitive teeth to hot, cold or sweet food
  • Brown, black or white spots on a tooth
  • Holes in the teeth
  • Bad breath or an unpleasant taste

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Dental examination
  • Dental X-rays

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Dental records and charts
  • Dental X-rays
  • Treatment plans

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Which teeth need treatment?
  • What are my options for this tooth?
  • How often should I have check-ups?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • Swelling in the face, neck or around the eye, or difficulty breathing or swallowing: call 112

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources