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Osteoarthritis

Also called OA, Wear and tear arthritis, or Degenerative joint disease

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It happens when the smooth cartilage that covers the ends of bones in a joint gets thinner and the joint changes shape. It most often affects the knees, hips, small joints of the hands and the spine. It usually starts after age 45 and is more common in women.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

Symptoms can come and go, and many people manage well. Regular exercise, keeping to a healthy weight and pain relief are the main treatments.

Physiotherapy, walking aids and supports can help. If a joint is badly damaged, joint replacement surgery may be offered.

Common signs

  • Joint pain, often worse with movement
  • Stiffness, especially after resting
  • Swelling around the joint
  • A grating or crackling feeling
  • Reduced movement in the joint

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Questions about symptoms and an examination
  • X-rays
  • Blood tests to rule out other types of arthritis

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • X-ray reports
  • Physiotherapy plans
  • Orthopaedic or rheumatology letters
  • Surgery notes if a joint is replaced

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Which exercises are safe for me?
  • What pain relief do you recommend?
  • When would joint replacement be worth considering?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • A hot, red, swollen joint with a fever: get urgent help the same day

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources

Related conditions

Rheumatoid arthritisA long-term autoimmune condition causing painful, swollen and stiff joints, often in the hands and feet. Early treatment protects the joints.Bone spurs (osteophytes)Small bony lumps that form on the edges of bones, often in joints with osteoarthritis. Many cause no problems at all.ObesityCarrying a lot of extra body fat, which raises the risk of other health problems. Support with eating, activity and sometimes medicines can help.GoutA type of arthritis causing sudden, severe joint pain, often in the big toe. It is caused by uric acid crystals and can be prevented.