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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Also called COPD, Emphysema, or Chronic bronchitis

COPD is the name for a group of lung conditions, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that cause breathing difficulties. The airways become narrowed and the lungs damaged, so breathing out becomes harder. It usually develops over many years and is mainly caused by smoking, though long-term exposure to dust, fumes or air pollution can contribute.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

The damage cannot be reversed, but stopping smoking is the most important step to slow it down.

Treatment includes inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation (an exercise and education programme), vaccinations, and a plan for flare-ups. Some people need oxygen at home.

Common signs

  • Breathlessness, especially when active
  • A persistent chesty cough with phlegm
  • Frequent chest infections
  • Wheezing
  • Flare-ups when symptoms suddenly get worse

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Spirometry (a breathing test)
  • Chest X-ray
  • Blood tests
  • Oxygen level checks

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Spirometry results over time
  • A record of flare-ups and the treatments used
  • Your inhalers and how to use them
  • Your self-management plan
  • Vaccination records

Questions to ask your doctor

  • How severe is my COPD?
  • Am I using my inhalers correctly?
  • Can I join a pulmonary rehabilitation programme?
  • Should I keep rescue medicines at home for flare-ups?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • Severe breathlessness, blue lips, confusion or chest pain: call 112

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources

Related conditions

AsthmaThe airways become inflamed and narrow, causing wheezing, coughing and breathlessness that come and go.BronchitisAn infection of the main airways of the lungs that causes a cough, usually after a cold, and clears up on its own within weeks.Chest infectionAn infection of the lungs or airways, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Most are mild and clear up on their own.Lung cancerOne of the most common cancers, mainly caused by smoking. Found early, it can often be treated successfully.