Cholesteatoma

Also called Middle ear cholesteatoma

A cholesteatoma is a build-up of skin cells in the middle ear, behind the eardrum. It is not cancer, but it slowly grows and can damage the delicate bones of the ear, leading to hearing loss and, rarely, more serious problems. It is usually linked to repeated ear infections or problems with the tube that drains the ear.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

It usually affects one ear. A smelly discharge that keeps coming back is a common early sign.

Surgery is almost always needed to remove it. Regular follow-up afterwards checks that it has not come back.

Common signs

  • A watery, often smelly discharge from one ear
  • Gradual hearing loss in one ear
  • A feeling of fullness in the ear
  • Earache, dizziness or ringing

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Examination of the ear with a microscope or otoscope
  • Hearing tests
  • CT or MRI scan

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Hearing test results before and after surgery
  • ENT letters and scan reports
  • Operation notes
  • The follow-up scan schedule

Questions to ask your doctor

  • How much has the ear been damaged?
  • What will surgery involve, and will my hearing improve?
  • How will we check it has not come back?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • Severe headache, high fever, stiff neck, weakness of the face, or severe dizziness with ear discharge: go to an emergency department

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources