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Anal cancer

Anal cancer is a rare cancer that affects the anus, the opening at the end of the bowel. Its symptoms can look like common problems such as piles, which is why bleeding or a lump that does not go away should be checked by a doctor.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

Most anal cancers are linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV). A weakened immune system and smoking also raise the risk.

It is usually treated with chemoradiotherapy, a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and sometimes surgery.

Common signs

  • Bleeding from the bottom
  • Itching or pain around the anus
  • A lump in or around the anus
  • Changes in bowel habit, mucus discharge

How it is usually diagnosed

  • An examination of the anus and rectum
  • A biopsy of any abnormal area
  • Scans such as MRI, CT or PET-CT to stage the cancer

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Biopsy and histology reports
  • Staging scan reports
  • Your treatment plan and summary
  • Follow-up examination and scan reports

Questions to ask your doctor

  • What stage is the cancer, and what treatment do you recommend?
  • What side effects should I expect, and how are they managed?
  • What does follow-up look like?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • Heavy bleeding from the bottom
  • Severe pain with fever during treatment

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources

Related conditions

Human papillomavirus (HPV)A very common group of viruses passed on through skin contact. Most infections clear on their own, but some types can cause warts or cancer.Piles (haemorrhoids)Swollen blood vessels in and around the bottom. They are common, often get better by themselves and can be eased at home.