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Tetanus

Also called Lockjaw

Tetanus is a serious but rare condition caused by bacteria that live in soil and manure. The bacteria can get into the body through a wound, such as a cut, burn or puncture from a dirty object. They make a toxin that affects the nerves, causing painful muscle stiffness and spasms, often starting in the jaw.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

It needs treatment in hospital, often in intensive care. Wounds at risk may be treated with a tetanus vaccine booster and sometimes an antibody injection.

Vaccination is the best protection. It is part of routine childhood vaccines, and boosters may be needed for some injuries.

Common signs

  • Stiffness in the jaw muscles (lockjaw)
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Painful muscle spasms
  • High temperature and sweating
  • A fast heartbeat

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Questions about the wound and vaccination history
  • Examination

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Vaccination records, including boosters
  • Wound care notes
  • Hospital discharge letters

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Are my tetanus vaccinations up to date?
  • Do I need a booster for this wound?
  • How should I care for the wound?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • Jaw stiffness, difficulty swallowing or muscle spasms after a wound: call 112

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources