Retinoblastoma

Also called Eye cancer in children

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that develops in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It mainly affects babies and children under 5. It can affect one or both eyes. Some cases are caused by an inherited change in a gene, which can run in families.

Last updated Nov 9, 2026

What it is

Most children are successfully treated, especially when it is found early. Treatments include chemotherapy, laser or freezing treatment, radiotherapy and, sometimes, removing the eye.

Children with the inherited form need regular eye checks, and brothers and sisters may be offered screening.

Common signs

  • A white reflection in the pupil, sometimes seen in photos
  • A squint
  • A change in the colour of the iris
  • A red or swollen eye
  • Poor vision

How it is usually diagnosed

  • Eye examination under anaesthetic by a specialist
  • Ultrasound or MRI scan
  • Genetic testing

Records worth keeping

Keeping these together makes each appointment easier, especially when you see a new doctor:

  • Specialist eye centre letters
  • Scan reports
  • Genetic test results
  • Treatment plans and follow-up schedule

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Is one or both eyes affected?
  • What treatment do you recommend?
  • Should other family members be checked?

When to get help right away

Call 112 or go to the nearest emergency department if you have:

  • A white glow in a child's eye, or a new squint: see a doctor within days and ask for an urgent eye referral

This page is general information. It is not a diagnosis and does not replace a doctor who knows your history. Medfold keeps your records organised; it does not interpret them.

Sources